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With a population of 8, distributed over Located at the southern tip of the state of New York, the city is the center of the New York metropolitan areathe largest metropolitan area in the /63808.txt by urban landmass. New York City is a global culturalfinancial, and media center with a significant influence on commerce, entertainmentresearch, technology, [9] educationpoliticstourismdiningart, fashionand sports.
New York is the most photographed city in the world. Situated on one of the world's largest natural harborswith water covering As many as languages are spoken in New York, [15] making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world. New York is home to more than 3.
If the New York metropolitan area were sony cd architect 5.2 manual free sovereign stateit would have the eighth-largest economy in the world. New York is home to the highest number of billionaires of any city in the world.
New York City traces its origins to a trading post founded on the southern tip of Manhattan Island by Dutch colonists in approximately The settlement was named New Amsterdam Dutch : Nieuw Amsterdam in and was chartered as a city in New York City was the capital of the United States from until[21] and has been the largest U. The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the U. Many districts and monuments in New York City are major landmarks, including three of the world's ten most visited tourist attractions in Times Square is the brightly illuminated hub of the Broadway Theater District[29] one of the world's busiest pedestrian intersections, [28] [30] and a major center of the world's entertainment industry.
The Empire State Building has become the global standard of reference to describe the height and length of other structures.
Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower ManhattanNew York City has been called both the world's leading financial center and the most powerful city in the world, [36] and is home to the world's two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalizationthe New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq. Their homeland, known as Lenapehokingincluded Staten IslandManhattan, the Bronxthe western portion of Long Island including the areas that sony cd architect 5.2 manual free later become the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queensand the Lower Hudson Valley.
The first documented visit into New York Harbor by a European was in by Italian Giovanni sony cd architect 5.2 manual free Verrazzanoan explorer from Florence in the service of the French crown. Hudson's first mate described the harbor as "a very good Harbour for all windes" and the river as "a mile broad" and "full of fish". Born in Santo Domingo of Portuguese and African descent, he arrived in Manhattan during sony cd architect 5.2 manual free winter of —14, trapping for pelts and trading with the local population as a representative of the Dutch.
A permanent European presence near New York Harbor began in —making New York the 12th oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement in the continental United States [50] —with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island.
It extended from the southern tip of Manhattan to modern day Wall Streetwhere a foot wooden stockade was built in to protect against Native American and British raids.
Following the purchase, New Amsterdam grew slowly. This program had little success. In —, in an effort to bolster economic growth, the Dutch West India Company relinquished its monopoly over the fur trade, leading to growth in the production and trade of food, sony cd architect 5.2 manual free, tobacco, and slaves particularly with the Dutch West Indies.
During his tenure, the population sony cd architect 5.2 manual free New Netherland grew from 2, to 8, He instituted regulations on liquor sales, attempted to assert control over the Dutch Reformed Churchand blocked other religious groups including QuakersJewsand Lutherans from establishing houses of worship.
Inunable to summon any significant resistance, Stuyvesant surrendered New Amsterdam to English troops, led by Colonel Richard Nicollswithout sony cd architect 5.2 manual free. Several intertribal wars among the Native Americans and some epidemics brought on by contact with the Europeans caused sizeable population losses for the Lenape between the years and New York grew in importance as a trading port while as a part of the colony of New York in the early s. Slavery became integrally tied to New York's economy through the labor of slaves sony cd architect 5.2 manual free the port, and the banking and shipping industries trading with the American South.
Discovery of the African Burying Ground in the s, during construction of a new federal courthouse near Foley Squarerevealed that tens of thousands of Africans had been buried in the area in the colonial period. The trial and acquittal in Manhattan adobe pro cc free full version free John Peter Zengerwho had been accused of seditious libel after criticizing colonial governor William Cosbyhelped to sony cd architect 5.2 manual free the freedom of the press in North America.
The Stamp Act Congress met in New York in Octoberas the Sons of Libertyorganized in the city, skirmished over the next ten years with British troops stationed there. The city was a haven for /42806.txt refugees and escaped slaves who joined the British lines for freedom newly promised by the Crown for all fighters. As many as 10, escaped slaves crowded into the city during the British occupation.
When the British forces evacuated at the close of the war inthey transported 3, freedmen for resettlement in Nova Scotia. The only attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the Conference House on Staten Island between American delegates, including Benjamin Franklinand British general Lord Howe on September 11, Shortly after the British occupation began, the Great Fire of New York occurred, a large conflagration on the West Side of Lower Manhattan, which destroyed about a quarter of the buildings in the city, including Trinity Church.
Inthe assembly of the Congress of the Confederation made New York City the national capital shortly after the war.
New York adobe audition cc keyboard shortcuts free the last capital of the U. New York City as the U. Sony cd architect 5.2 manual free the course of the nineteenth century, New York City's population grew from 60, to 3.
New York interracial abolitionist activism continued; among its leaders were graduates of the African Free School. Sony cd architect 5.2 manual free York city's population jumped fromin toby16, of whom were Black.
In the 19th century, the city was transformed by both commercial and residential development relating to its status as a national and international trading centeras well as by European immigration, respectively.
The completion of the Erie Canal through central New York connected the Atlantic port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the North American interior via the Hudson River and the Great Lakes. Public-minded members of the contemporaneous business elite lobbied for the establishment of Central Parkwhich in became the first landscaped park in an American city. The Great Irish Famine brought a large influx of Irish immigrants; more thanwere living in New York byupwards of a coreldraw suite 2018 for windows free of the city's population.
Democratic Party candidates were consistently elected to local office, increasing the city's ties to the South and its dominant party. InMayor Fernando Wood called upon the aldermen to declare independence from Albany and the United States after the South seceded, but his proposal was not acted on.
The draft riots deteriorated into attacks on New York's elite, followed by attacks on Black New Yorkers and their property after fierce competition for a decade between Irish immigrants and Black people for work.
Rioters burned the Colored Orphan Asylum to the ground, with more than children escaping harm due to efforts of the New York Police Departmentwhich was mainly made up of Irish immigrants.
The Black population in Manhattan fell below 10, bywhich it had last been in The White working class had established dominance. Inthe modern City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn until then a separate citythe County of Привожу ссылку York which then included parts of the Bronxthe County of Richmond, and the western portion of the County of Queens.
Inthe steamship General Slocum caught fire in the East Riverkilling 1, people on board. New York's non-White population was 36, in New York became the most populous опоздал adobe acrobat 9 pro extended free with keygen free хотел area sony cd architect 5.2 manual free the world in the early s, overtaking London. The metropolitan area surpassed the 10 million mark in the early s, becoming the first megacity in human history. Returning World War II veterans created a post-war economic boom and the development of large housing tracts in eastern Queens and Nassau County as well as similar suburban areas in New Jersey.
New York emerged from the war unscathed as the leading city of the world, with Wall Street leading America's place as the world's dominant economic power. The United Nations Headquarters was completed insolidifying New York's global geopolitical influence, and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitated New York's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world. The Stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous, violent protests by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28,at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village смотрите подробнее of Lower Manhattan.
Dynesauthor of the Encyclopedia of Homosexualitywrote that drag queens were the only "transgender folks around" during the June Stonewall riots. The transgender community in New York City played a significant role in fighting for LGBT equality during the period of the Stonewall riots and thereafter.
In the s, job losses due to industrial restructuring caused New York City to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates. Important new sectors, such as Silicon Alleyemerged in the city's economy. New York City suffered the bulk of the economic damage and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the September 11,attacks.
The North Tower became the tallest building ever to be destroyed anywhere then or subsequently. A temporary station was built and opened on November 23, An ,square-foot 74, m 2 permanent rail station designed by Santiago Calatravathe World Trade Center Transportation Hubthe city's third-largest hub, was completed in The Occupy Wall Street protests in Zuccotti Park in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan began on September 17,receiving global attention and popularizing the Occupy movement against social and economic inequality worldwide.
During the Wisconsin glaciation75, to 11, years ago, the New York City area was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 2, feet m in depth. That action also left bedrock at a relatively shallow depth, providing a solid foundation for most of Manhattan's skyscrapers. The location at the mouth of the Hudson Riverwhich feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the Atlantic Ocean, has helped the city grow in significance as a trading port. The Harlem Riveranother tidal strait between the East and Hudson rivers, separates most of Manhattan from the Bronx.
The Bronx Riverwhich sony cd architect 5.2 manual free through the Bronx and Westchester Countyis the only entirely freshwater river in the city. The приведенная ссылка land has been altered substantially by human intervention, with considerable land reclamation along the waterfronts since Dutch colonial times; reclamation is most prominent in Lower Manhattanwith developments such as Battery Park City in the s and s.
The city's total area is Sony cd architect 5.2 manual free York City is sometimes referred to collectively as the Five Boroughs. There are hundreds of distinct neighborhoods throughout the boroughs, many with a definable history and character. If the boroughs were each independent cities, four of the boroughs Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, and the Bronx would be among the ten most populous cities in the United States Staten Island would be ranked 37th as of ; these same boroughs are coterminous with the four most densely populated counties in the United States: New York ManhattanKings BrooklynBronx, and Queens.
Manhattan New York County is the geographically smallest and most densely populated borough. It is home to Central Park and most of the city's skyscrapersand is sometimes locally known as The City. Manhattan is the cultural, administrative, and financial center of New York City and contains the headquarters of many major multinational corporationsthe United Nations HeadquartersWall Streetand a number of important universities.
The sony cd architect 5.2 manual free of Manhattan is often described as the financial and cultural center of the world. Most of the borough is situated on Manhattan Islandat the mouth of the Hudson River. Manhattan Island is loosely divided into the LowerMidtownand Uptown regions. Harlem was predominantly occupied by Jewish and Italian Americans in the 19th century until the Great Migration. It was the center of the Harlem Sony cd architect 5.2 manual free. The borough of Manhattan also includes a small neighborhood on the mainland, called Marble Hillwhich is contiguous with the Bronx.
New York City's remaining four boroughs are collectively referred to as the Outer Boroughs. Brooklyn Kings Countyon the western tip of Long Islandis the city's most populous borough. Brooklyn is known for its cultural, social, and ethnic diversity, an independent art scene, distinct neighborhoodsand a distinctive architectural heritage. Downtown Brooklyn is the largest central core neighborhood in the Outer Boroughs. The borough has a long beachfront shoreline including Coney Islandestablished in the s as one of the earliest amusement grounds in the U.
Queens Queens Countyon Long Island north and east of Brooklyn, is geographically sony cd architect 5.2 manual free largest borough, the most ethnically diverse county in the United States, [] and the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world.
Sony cd architect 5.2 manual free
The brand is produced by Sony Interactive Entertainment , a division of Sony ; the first PlayStation console was released in Japan in December , and worldwide the following year. The original console in the series was the first console of any type to ship over million units, doing so in under a decade.
The PlayStation 2 is the best-selling home console to date, having reached over million units sold by the end of The first handheld game console in the series, the PlayStation Portable or PSP, sold a total of 80 million units worldwide by November The main series of controllers utilized by the PlayStation series is the DualShock , which is a line of vibration-feedback gamepad having sold 28 million controllers by June The PlayStation Network is an online service with about million registered users [12] as of June and over million active users monthly.
Version 1. Additionally, the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3 consoles also featured support for Linux-based operating systems ; Linux for PlayStation 2 and OtherOS respectively, though this has since been discontinued.
The series has also been known for its numerous marketing campaigns, the latest of which being the "Greatness Awaits" and eventually, "Play Has No Limits" commercials in the United States. The series also has a strong line-up of first-party games due to SIE Worldwide Studios , a group of many studios owned by Sony Interactive Entertainment that exclusively developed them for PlayStation consoles. In addition, the series features various budget re-releases of games by Sony with different names for each region; these include the Greatest Hits , Platinum , Essentials , and The Best selection of games.
PlayStation was the brainchild of Ken Kutaragi , a Sony executive who managed one of the company's hardware engineering divisions and was later dubbed "The Father of the PlayStation". Until , Sony had little direct involvement with the video game industry. The company supplied components for other consoles, such as the sound chip for the Super Famicom from Nintendo , and operated a video game studio, Sony Imagesoft.
However, a day after the announcement at CES, Nintendo announced that it would be breaking its partnership with Sony, opting to go with Philips instead but using the same technology. At that time, negotiations were still on-going between Nintendo and Sony, with Nintendo offering Sony a "non-gaming role" regarding their new partnership with Philips. This proposal was swiftly rejected by Kutaragi who was facing increasing criticism over his work with regard to entering the video game industry from within Sony.
Negotiations officially ended in May and in order to decide the fate of the PlayStation project, a meeting was held in June , consisting of Sony President Ohga, PlayStation Head Kutaragi and several senior members of Sony's board.
At the meeting, Kutaragi unveiled a proprietary CD-ROM-based system he had been working on which involved playing video games with 3D graphics to the board. Eventually, Sony President Ohga decided to retain the project after being reminded by Kutaragi of the humiliation he suffered from Nintendo.
Nevertheless, due to strong opposition from a majority present at the meeting as well as widespread internal opposition to the project by the older generation of Sony executives, Kutaragi and his team had to be shifted from Sony's headquarters to Sony Music , a completely separate financial entity owned by Sony, so as to retain the project and maintain relationships with Philips for the MMCD development project which helped lead to the creation of the DVD.
According to SCE's producer Ryoji Akagawa and chairman Shigeo Maruyama , there was uncertainty over whether the console should primarily focus on 2D sprite graphics or 3D polygon graphics. Eventually, after witnessing the success of Sega 's Virtua Fighter in Japanese arcades, that Sony realized "the direction of the PlayStation became instantly clear" and 3D polygon graphics became the console's primary focus.
The PlayStation logo was designed by Manabu Sakamoto. He wanted the logo to capture the 3D support of the console, but instead of just adding apparent depth to the letters "P" and "S", he created an optical illusion that suggested the letters in depth of space. Sakamoto also stuck with four bright principal colors, red, yellow, green, and blue, only having to tune the green color for better harmony across the logo. Sakamoto also designed the black and white logo based on the same design, reserved for times where colors could not be used.
SCEI on November 16, The PlayStation project, SCEI's first official project, was finally given the green light by Sony executives in after a few years of development. One of the factors which attracted developers to the platform was the use of a 3D-capable, CD-ROM-based console which was much cheaper and easier to manufacture for in comparison to Nintendo's rival console, which used cartridge systems. The project eventually hit Japanese stores in December and gained massive sales due to its lower price point than its competitor, the Sega Saturn.
The popularity of the console spread after its release worldwide in North America and Europe. The original PlayStation, released in Japan on December 3, , was the first of the ubiquitous PlayStation series of console and hand-held game devices.
It has included successor consoles and upgrades including the Net Yaroze a special black PlayStation with tools and instructions to program PlayStation games and applications , "PS one" a smaller version of the original and the PocketStation a handheld which enhances PlayStation games and also acts as a memory card. It was part of the fifth generation of video game consoles competing against the Sega Saturn and the Nintendo Released on July 7, , [30] concurrently with its successor the PlayStation 2 , the PS One stylized as PS one was a considerably smaller, redesigned version of the original PlayStation video game console.
Released in , 15 months after the Dreamcast and a year before its other competitors, the Xbox and the Nintendo GameCube , the PlayStation 2 is part of the sixth generation of video game consoles , and is backwards-compatible with most original PlayStation games. Like its predecessor, it has received a slimmer redesign. It is the most successful console in the world, [32] having sold over million units as of December 28, This achievement occurred faster than its predecessor, the PlayStation, which took "9 years and 6 months since launch" to reach the same figure.
PlayStation 2 has been ranked as the best selling console of all time as of Released in , four years after the launch of the original PlayStation 2, the PlayStation 2 Slimline was the first major redesign of the PlayStation 2. Compared to its predecessor, the Slimline was smaller, thinner, quieter and also included a built-in Ethernet port in some markets it also has an integrated modem.
In , Sony began shipping a revision of the Slimline which was lighter than the original Slimline together with a lighter AC adapter. It competes with the Microsoft Xbox and the Nintendo Wii. The PS3 is the first console in the series to introduce the use of motion-sensing technology through its Sixaxis wireless controller. The console also incorporates a Blu-ray Disc player and features high-definition resolution. The PS3 was originally offered with either a 20 GB or 60 GB hard drive, but over the years its capacity increased in increments available up to GB.
The PlayStation 3 has sold over 80 million consoles worldwide as of November Like its predecessors, the PlayStation 3 was re-released in as a "slim" model. The PS3 slim also runs quieter and is cooler than previous models due to its 45 nm Cell. The PS3 Slim no longer has the "main power" switch similar to PlayStation 2 slim , like the previous PS3 models, which was located at the back of the console.
The new console, with a completely redesigned case that has a sliding door covering the disc drive which has been moved to the top of the console , is 4. Several bundles which include a Super Slim PS3 and a selection of games are available. In the meeting, Sony revealed some hardware specifications of the new console. According to lead system architect, Mark Cerny, development on the PlayStation 4 began as early as Among the new applications and services, Sony introduced the PlayStation App, allowing PS4 owners to turn smartphones and tablets into a second screen to enhance gameplay.
It is a revision of the original PS4 hardware with a streamlined form factor. The two USB ports on the front have a larger gap between them, and the optical audio port was also removed. Its model number is CUH It is designed primarily to enable selected games to be playable at 4K resolution , and improved quality for PlayStation VR.
All games are backwards and forward compatible between PS4 and PS4 Pro, but games with optimizations will have improved graphics performance on PS4 Pro. The other models are limited to p. The PlayStation 5 PS5 [51] was released worldwide on November 12, , and, alongside the Xbox Series X and Series S released the same month, is part of the ninth generation of video game consoles.
The current specifications were released in October The graphics processor is a custom variant of AMD's Navi family using the RDNA microarchitecture, which includes support for hardware acceleration of ray-tracing rendering, enabling real-time ray-traced graphics. The system's new controller, the DualSense has adaptive triggers that can change the resistance to the player as necessary, such as changing the resistance during the action of pulling an arrow back in a bow in-game.
The PlayStation 5 features a completely revamped user interface. The original model PSP was released in December and March , [86] The console is the first to utilize a new proprietary optical storage medium known as Universal Media Disc UMD , which can store both games and movies. Older model batteries will still work and they extend the amount of playing time. Its serial port was also modified in order to accommodate a new video-out feature while rendering older PSP remote controls incompatible.
On a PSP, PSP games will only output to external monitors or TVs in progressive scan mode, so that televisions incapable of supporting progressive scan will not display PSP games; non-game video will output in either progressive or interlaced mode.
USB charging was also made possible. The overall shape and sliding mechanism are similar to that of Sony's mylo COM-2 internet device. The handheld also features connectivity with the PlayStation 3 's controllers the Sixaxis and DualShock 3 via Bluetooth connection. It was released in Japan on October 10, in six colors: white, black, pink, yellow, blue, and olive green, and in North America on May 6, The Vita was discontinued in March SIE president Jim Ryan said that while the Vita was a great device, they have moved away from portable consoles, "clearly it's a business that we're no longer in now".
Released in , the PlayStation control pad was the first controller made for the original PlayStation. Released in , the DualShock controller for the PlayStation succeeded its predecessor, the Dual Analog, and became the longest running series of controllers for the PlayStation brand.
In addition to the inputs of the original, digital, controller , , , , L1, L2, R1, R2, Start, Select and a D-pad , the DualShock featured two analog sticks in a similar fashion to the previous Dual Analog controller, which can also be depressed to activate the L3 and R3 buttons. The DualShock series consists of four controllers: the DualShock which was the fourth controller released for the PlayStation; the DualShock 2, the only standard controller released for the PlayStation 2, and the DualShock 3, the second and current controller released for the PlayStation 3, and the DualShock 4, which went through a massive redesign and is the default input of the PlayStation 4, and upon release was compatible with the PS3 originally only via USB and eventually with a firmware update, Bluetooth connectivity was enabled.
The Sixaxis was the first official controller for the PlayStation 3, and is based on the same design as the DualShock series but lacking the vibration motors of the DualShock series of controllers.
Like the Dual Analog, the DualShock and DualShock 2 feature an "Analog" button between the analog sticks that toggles the analog sticks on and off for use with games which support only the digital input of the original controller.
Beginning with the Sixaxis, a 'PlayStation button' which featured the incorporated PS logo and is similar in function to the Xbox "Guide" button was included on controllers. Pressing the PS button on the PS3 brings up the XMB , while holding it down brings up system options, known as "Quick Menu" on the PS4, such as quit the game, change controller settings, turn off the system, and turn off the controller.
Based on the handheld motion controller wand, PlayStation Move uses the PlayStation Eye webcam to track the wand's position and the inertial sensors in the wand to detect its motion. Hardware available at launch included the main PlayStation Move motion controller and an optional PlayStation Move sub-controller.
Categorized by Sony as a combination of a Memory Card and a miniature personal digital assistant. It could also be used as a standard PlayStation memory card by connecting it to a PlayStation memory card slot. A feature of this 3D television is SimulView. During multiplayer games, each player will only see their respective screen in full HD appear on the television through their respective 3D glasses, instead of seeing a split screen e.
They offer connectivity with PlayStation 3 controllers and integrate with the PlayStation network using a proprietary application. Instead of featuring a display screen, the console connects to a television via HDMI. Users can play using a DualShock 3 controller, although due to the difference in features between the controller and the handheld, certain games are not compatible with PS TV, such as those that are dependent on the system's touch-screen, rear touchpad, microphone or camera.
It features a 5. It was launched on the 24th anniversary of the original console on December 3, Each console has a variety of games. Games released on the PlayStation 2 can currently only be played on the original console as well as the PSX and the early models of the PlayStation 3 which are backwards compatible.
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